Basic English Grammar

 

English Grammar  for  1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 Classes 

Starts with Alphabets 

A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, and Z.

Vowels: In the above letter A, E, I, O, U this particular letters are called vowels.

Consonants: Except of vowels the other letters like B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, X, Y, Z all are consonants.

Semi Vowels: W (Pronunciation is like ‘U’) and Y (Pronunciation is like ‘OI’).

below words are in which where all five vowels ‘A, E, I, O, U’ are present.

Ex: EDUCATION, AUTOMOBILE, EVACUATION, REMUNERATION, REGULATION MISBEHAVIOUR, AUTHORITIES......... these kinds of  word forms by alphabets, signs, and other marks.  Words, sentences and clauses A word is a single unit of language. There are four main word classes: verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs. Verbs List. Nouns List. Adjectives List Adverbs list  There are four main kinds of word formation: prefixes ,suffixes, conversion, compounds...........  Prefixes are letters which we add to the beginning of a word to make a new word with a different meaning. Prefixes can, create a new word opposite in meaning to the word the prefix is attached to. They can also make a word negative or express relations of time, place or manner. base word prefixed word type of meaning possible impossible opposite able unable opposite/negation payment non-payment negation war pre-war time (before) terrestrial extraterrestrial place (outside of/beyond) cook overcook manner (too much) suffixes are  a letter or group of letters added at the end of a word which makes a new word. words suffix new words forget, use -ful forgetful, useful state, govern -ment statement, government complicate, create -ion complication, creation A clause is the basic unit of grammar, which is usually made up of a subject, a verb phrase and, sometimes, a complement. What Is a Clause? a clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb. A clause conveys information about what that subject is or is doing. Because a clause expresses an action or a state of being, and function as an independent sentence.   A sentence can have just one clause or it can have multiple clauses.  a clause must contain a related subject and verb.   EX.  All cars stop when they see a red flag. This sentence has two clauses: (1) "All cars stop" The subject of this clause is "All cars," and the verb is "stop."  so it is called  the main clause, and called an independent clause. (2) "when they see a red flag" The subject of this clause is "they," and the verb is "see."  it is a dependent clause. This clause is functioning like an adverb. Compare the sentence to "All cars stop immediately." This proves that "when they see a red flag" is functioning as an adverb.  a clause functions as one part of speech.  Types of Clause (1) An Independent Clause. An independent clause  functions like a complete sentence. For example:   ex: Sita washes her hand. (2) A Dependent Clause. A dependent clause functions like an adjective, an adverb, or a noun. This means there are three types of dependent clause. In each of these examples, the dependent clause is highlighted. A clause functioning like an adjective: ·         John eats eggs that his chickens lay. (Compare this to "John eats free-range eggs." This proves the clause is functioning like an adjective. The subject of the dependent clause is "his chickens," and the verb of the dependent clause is "lay.") A clause functioning like an adverb: ·         John eats eggs when his chickens lay them. (Compare this to "John eats eggs regularly." This proves the clause is functioning like an adverb.) A clause functioning like a noun: ·         John eats what his chickens lay. (Compare this to "John eats eggs." This proves the clause is functioning like a noun. Notice that the noun clause is part of the independent clause, which is why the dependent clause is bold and highlighted.) Clauses vs Phrases A clause contrasts with a phrase, which does not contain a subject and a verb. The distinction between a clause and a phrase is clearer when you see them side by side: Anna sings... when she wakes up. This is a clause. It has a subject ("she") and a verb ("wakes up"). in the morning. This is a phrase. There is no subject and no verb. Here is another example: The ravens lived... where the factories are. This is a clause. It has a subject ("the factories") and a verb ("are"). in the area of the new factories. This is a phrase. There is no subject and no verb. How Are Dependent Clauses Used in Sentences? Dependent clauses can play a variety of roles in sentences. A dependent clause can function as an adjective, an adverb, or a noun. (1) Adjective Clauses ·         My friend who lives in London looks like Homer Simpson. (The dependent clause functions like an adjective. It could be replaced with an adjective, e.g., "my London-based friend." Notice that it sits within the independent clause.) ·         You should never make fun of something that a person can't change about themselves. (YouTuber Phil Lester) (This dependent clause could be replaced with an adjective, e.g., "unchangeable.") (2) Adverbial Clauses ·         He lost his double chin after he gave up chocolate. (The dependent clause functions like an adverb. It could be replaced with an adverb, e.g., "recently.") ·         I am not afraid of the pen, the scaffold, or the sword. I will tell the truth wherever I please. (Labour-rights campaigner Mary Harris Jones aka "Mother Jones") (The first sentence does not have a dependent clause. In the second sentence, the dependent clause could be replaced with an adverb, e.g., "there.") (3) Noun Clauses ·         She cannot remember what she said last night. (The dependent clause functions like a noun. It could be replaced with a noun, e.g., "her rant." Notice that the noun clause is part of the independent clause. This is common with noun clauses.) ·         Now I know why tigers eat their young. (Mobster Al Capone) (This dependent clause could be replaced with a noun, e.g., "the reason.") Why Clauses Are Important Here are two great reasons to care about clauses. (For the rest of this lesson, we have stopped bolding the independent clauses.) (1) Understanding when to offset an adjective clause with commas. The adjective clauses in these two sentences are identical, except one is offset with commas and one isn't. They are both punctuated correctly. So, what's going on? ·         A boy who went to my school won the lottery.  ·         Michael Carroll, who went to my school, won the lottery.  Look at the first example. When an adjective clause is required to identify its noun (here, "boy"), then it is not offset with commas. (Put another way, the subject of the sentence is "A boy who went to my school.") Look at the second example. When an adjective clause is just additional information, then it is offset with commas. (Put another way, the subject of the sentence is "Michael Carroll.") If you'd happily put brackets around the clause or delete it, then it should be offset with commas. A sentence is a unit of grammar. It must contain at least one main clause. In writing, a sentence begins with a capital letter and ends with a full stop. then ...... What Is a Sentence? A sentence is a group of words giving a complete thought. A sentence must contain a subject and a verb (although one may be implied). A More Formal Definition of Sentence A sentence is a set of words that is complete in itself, typically containing a subject and predicate, conveying a statement, question, exclamation, or command, and consisting of a main clause and sometimes one or more subordinate clauses. The Four Types of Sentence A sentence can convey a statement, a question, an exclamation, or a command. There are four types of sentence: (1) Declarative Sentence A declarative sentence states a fact and ends with a period (full stop). For example: ·         He has every attribute of a dog except loyalty. (Politician Thomas P Gore) ·         I wonder if other dogs think poodles are members of a weird religious cult. (Comedian Rita Rudner) (Remember that a statement which contains an indirect question (like this example) is not a question.) (2) Imperative Sentence An imperative sentence is a command or a polite request. It ends with an exclamation mark or a period (full stop). For example: ·         When a dog runs at you, whistle for him. (Philosopher Henry David Thoreau, 1817-1862) (3) Interrogative Sentence An interrogative sentence asks a question and ends with a question mark. For example: ·         Who knew that dog saliva can mend a broken heart? (Author Jennifer Neal) (4) Exclamatory Sentence An exclamatory sentence expresses excitement or emotion. It ends with an exclamation mark. For example: ·         In Washington, it's dog eat dog. In academia, it's exactly the opposite! (Politician Robert Reich) The Subject Could Be Implied. In an imperative sentence (an order) or an interrogative sentence (a question), the subject or verb is often implied. ·         Run! ·         Go. (This is the shortest sentence in English.) ·         Why? The shortest sentence without an implied subject or verb is "I am" or "I go." The Four Sentence Structures A sentence can consist of a single clause or several clauses. When a sentence is a single clause, it is called a simple sentence (and the clause is called an independent clause). A sentence must contain at least one independent clause. Below are the four types of sentence structure (with their independent clauses shaded): (1) Complex Sentence A complex sentence has an independent clause and at least one dependent clause. For example: ·         Diplomacy is the art of saying "nice doggie" until you can find a rock. (Actor Will Rogers, 1879-1935) ·         When you're on the Internet, nobody knows you're a dog. (Cartoonist Peter Steiner) (2) Compound Sentence A compound sentence has at least two independent clauses. For example: ·         Cry "Havoc," and let slip the dogs of war. (Playwright William Shakespeare, 1564-1616) (3) Simple Sentence A simple sentence has just one independent clause. For example: ·         You can't surprise a man with a dog. (Screenwriter Cindy Chupack) (4) Compound-Complex Sentence A compound-complex sentence has at least two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause. For example: ·         When a dog bites a man, that is not news because it happens so often, but if a man bites a dog, that is news. (Editor John B Bogart) Nouns Nouns are one of the four major word classes, along with verbs, adjectives and adverbs. Nouns are the largest word class. …